Journal of Language, Linguistics and Literature
Articles Information
Journal of Language, Linguistics and Literature, Vol.1, No.3, Jun. 2015, Pub. Date: Apr. 22, 2015
On the Iranian EFL Teachers Apology Production
Pages: 65-74 Views: 4664 Downloads: 1587
Authors
[01] Sayed Reza Nasiri, Ministry of Education, Region Five of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
[02] Ali Forutan, English Department, Farhangian University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to find out to what extent Iranian EFL teachers in private institutes and senior high schools are capable of performing strategies of apology as one specific speech act and to evaluate this speech act in the course books they were teaching. To this end, sixty male and female language teachers teaching English as a foreign language took part in this study. A Discourse Completion Test (DCT) was distributed among the participants and their teaching materials were evaluated as well. The performance of two groups of high schools and institutes teachers was compared. The analysis of the results indicated significant differences between the apology strategies used by the public school and institute teachers. Correspondingly, there was a significant difference between the course books used by the groups in terms of apology strategies used in different social contexts. The results of this study might be of educational contribution and implication to teachers, learners and those interested in pragmatics in general and apology speech act in particular.
Keywords
Communicative Competence, Discourse Completion Test, Apology Strategies, Dominance
References
[01] Alcon, S. E. (2005). Does instruction work for pragmatic learning in EFL contexts? System, 33(3), 417-435
[02] Bataineh, R. F., & Bataineh, R. F. (2006). Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL university students. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1901-192
[03] Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[04] Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1996).Pragmatics and Language Teaching: Bringing Pragmatics and Pedagogy Together. Pragmatics andLanguage Learning, 7, 21-39.
[05] Bardovi-Harlig, H., & Dornyei, Z. (1998). Do language learners recognize pragmatic violations? Pragmatic vs. grammatical awareness in instructed L2 learning. TESOL Quarterly, 32, 233-259.
[06] Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Hartford, B.S. (1996) Input in an institutional setting.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, 171_188.
[07] Bataineh, R. F., & Bataineh, R. F. (2006). Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL university students. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1901-1927.
[08] Biesenback-Lucas, S. (2003) Preparing students for the pragmatics of e-mail interaction in academia: A new/forgotten dimension in teacher education.Teacher Education Interest Section Newsletter 18 (2), 3_4.
[09] Bowe, H. J., & Martin, K. (2007).Communication across cultures: mutual understanding in a global world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
[10] Blum-Kulka, S.(1982). Learning how to say what you mean in a second language: A study of the speech act performance of learners of Hebrew as a second language. Appl. Linguist. 3, 29–59.
[11] BlumKulka, S., House, J. (1989).Cross-cultural and situational variation in requesting behavior. In: Blum-Kulka, S., House, Kasper (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
[12] Blum-Kulka, S., Olshtain, E.(1984). Requests and apologies: A crosscultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Appl. Linguist. 5 (3), 196–214.
[13] Borkin, A. & Reinhart, S. (1978). Excuse me and I’m sorry. TESOL Quarterly 12:57-69.
[14] Bouton, L. F. (1996).Pragmatics and language learning. In L. Bouton (Ed.), Pragmatics and Language Learning, Monograph 7 (pp. 1-20). Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Division of English as an International Language
[15] Brown, P. &Levinson , S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[16] Cheng, D. (2011). New insights on compliment responses: A comparison between native English speakers and Chinese L2 speakers. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 2204-2214.
[17] Cohen, A. (2005). Strategies for Learning and Performing L2 Speech Acts.Intercultural Pragmatics. 2-3, 275-301.
[18] Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (2008). English teaching and learning in China. Language Teaching, 29(02) 61-80
[19] Deutschmann, Mats. ( 2003). Apologizing in British English. Trycktav Print, Umea University
[20] Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[21] Eslami-Rasekh, Zohreh, 2004. Face-keeping strategies in reaction to complaints: English and Persian. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 14, 181–197.
[22] Eslami-Rasekh, Z. (2005b) Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners. ELT Journal 59 (2), 199_208.
[23] Farashaiyan, A., & Yazdi Amirkhiz, S. Y. (2011). A descriptive-comparative analysis of apology strategies: The case of Iranian EFL and Malaysian ESL university students. English Language Teaching, 4(1), 224-229.
[24] Garcia, Carmen,( 1989). Apologizing in English: politeness strategies used by native and non-native speakers.Multilingua 8, 3–20.
[25] Guan, X., Park, H. S., & Lee, H. E. (2009). Cross-cultural differences in apology. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 32-45.
[26] Green, G., 1975. How to get people to do things with words.Syntax and Semantics. In: Cole, P., Morgan, J. (Eds.), . In: Speech Acts, Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York.
[27] Holmes, J. (1995). Women, Men, and Politeness.London: Longman.
[28] House, J. (1996) Developing pragmatic fluency in English as a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, 225_253.
[29] Istifici, I. (2009). The use of apologies by EFL learners. English Language Teaching, 2(3), 15-2
[30] Kasper, G. (1998). Interlanguage Pragmatics. In H. Byrnes (Ed.),Learning Foreign and Second Languages:Perspectives in Research and Scholarship (PP.183-208). New York: The Modern Language Association ofAmerica.
[31] Kasper, G. (2001) Classroom research on interlanguage pragmatics. In K.R. Rose and G. Kasper (eds) Pragmatics in Language Teaching (pp. 33_60). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[32] Kasper, G., & Rose, K. (1999).Pragmatics and SLA.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, 81-104.
[33] Kasper, G. & Rose, K. (2001).Pragmatics in language teaching.In K.Rose and G. Kasper (Eds.), Pragmatics in language teaching (pp.1-9). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[34] Kasper, G. & Rose, K. R. (2002).Pragmatic development in a second language. Michigan: Blackwell.
[35] Kim, H. (2008). The Semantic and pragmatic analysis of South Korean and Australian English apologetic speech acts. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 257-278.
[36] Lazaraton, A. (2004) Conversation Analysis and the Nonnative English Speaking ESL
[37] Lo¨rscher, W. and Schulze, R. (1988) On polite speaking and foreign language classroom discourse. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 26, 183_199.
[38] Loveday, L. (1982). The Sociolinguistics of Learning and Using a Nonnative Language. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
[39] Marquez-Reiter, R. (2000). Linguistics of Learning and Using a Nonnative Language. Oxfo Pergamon Press.
[40] McKay, S. L. (2003) Toward and Appropriate EIL Pedagogy: Re-examining Common ELT Assumptions. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 13, No.1, 1-22
[41] McNamara, T. &Roever, C. (2006). Language Testing: The Social Dimension. Language Learning, 56, Supplement 2.
[42] Nonaka, K. (2000). Apology is not necessary: An in-depth analysis of my own intercultural and intracultural miscomunication. Journal of Hokkaido University of Education at Kushiro, 32, 155-186.
[43] Olstain, E. (1983) “Sociocultural Competence and Language Transfer: The Case of Apology”. In Gass, S. L. Selinker (Eds.) Language Transfer in Language Learning. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
[44] Pasternak, M. and Bailey, K.M. (2004) Preparing non-native and native Englishspeaking teachers: Issues of professionalism and proficiency. In L.D. Kamhi- Stein (ed.) Learning and Teaching from Experience: Perspectives on non-native English-speaking Professionals (pp. 155_176). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press
[45] Rao, Z. (2002). Chinese students' perceptions of communicative and non-communicative activities inEFL classroom.System, 30(1), 85-105.
[46] Rose, K. R. (1994). Pragmatic Consciousness-Raising in an EFL Context.Pragmatics and Language Learning Monograph Series, 5, 52-63.
[47] Thomas, J. (2006). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure.World Englishes: critical concepts in linguistics,4(2), 22.
[48] Rose, K.R. (1999) Teachers and students learning about requests in Hong Kong.In E. Hinkel (ed.) Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 167_180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[49] Salazar Campillo, P. (2007). Examining Mitigation in Requests: A Focus on Transcripts in ELT Coursebooks.In E. AlcónSoler and M. P. Safont (Eds.), Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning (pp. 207-222). The Netherlands: Springer.
[50] Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
[51] Searle, J. (1975). Indirect speech acts. Syntax and Semantics. In: Cole, P., Morgan, J. (Eds.), In: Speech Acts, Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York.
[52] Suszczynska, M. (1999).“Apologizing in English, Polish and Hungarian: Different languages, different strategies”.Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 1053-1065.
[53] Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage Pragmatics: Request, Complaints, and Apologies. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
[54] Usó-Juan, E. (2007). The presentation and practice of the communicative act of requesting in textbooks: Focusing on modifiers. In E. AlcónSoler and M. P. Safont (Eds.), Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning (pp. 223-243). The Netherlands: Springer.
[55] Vanderveken, D. (2009). Meaning and Speech Acts: Volume 1, Principles of Language Use. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
[56] Vellenga, H. (2004). Learning Pragmatics from ESL and EFL Textbooks: How Likely? TESL- EJ, 8, 2, A-3, http://tesl-ej.org/ej30/a3.html
[57] Wierzbicka, A. (1985). Different cultures, different languages and different speech acts. J. Pragmatics 9, 145–178.
600 ATLANTIC AVE, BOSTON,
MA 02210, USA
+001-6179630233
AIS is an academia-oriented and non-commercial institute aiming at providing users with a way to quickly and easily get the academic and scientific information.
Copyright © 2014 - American Institute of Science except certain content provided by third parties.